Should Physician-assisted Suicide Be Legal - 1473 Words

Should physician-assisted suicide be legal? This debated subject has no right or wrong answer. Assisting someone in death has a felony murder conviction in some cases. There are a few different ways of being charged, but there are certain circumstances. There are many reasons why I am for it and of course, I have reasons against it. When you have a loved one in a vegetative state, does the family say yes or no to â€Å"pulling the plug?† Is it not the same as assisting a person in death? Another reason is that if you have a chronic illness, no means to a cure, and no medical help, what do you do? I believe if you think there is no way to live by not having the means to live, then why not have someone help you end the pain.†¦show more content†¦District Court for the Western District of Washington. This case challenged the constitutionality of Washington Revised Code Section 9A.36.060, which makes it a crime to knowingly assist, aid, or cause the suicide of an other person (Darr, 1997). The district courts ruled the statute unconstitutional because it violated the Due Process clause of the fifth and fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The court also pointed out that the Cruzen decision reflected the ancient common law tradition of protecting patients from unwanted medical treatment (Darr, 1997). New York State has a ban on assisting suicide does not violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. With that said on June 26, 1997, the United States Supreme Court unanimously held New York’s prohibition on assisting suicide and it does not violate the equal protection rights of the terminally ill adults seeking PAS (Coleson, 1997). Glucksberg Dr. Glucksberg, in addition to two different physicians and three gravely sick patients (who since have passed on) carried suit to upset a Washington law that makes advertising a suicide endeavor a crime, because the statute disregards an intrinsically secured freedom engage under the Due Procedure Proviso of the Fourteenth Change. An Elected region court decided that the law was unconstitutional. A three-Show MoreRelatedShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?901 Words   |  4 PagesWhen society ponders over the idea of physician-assisted suicide, they most likely feel that the act itself would compare to murdering someone. Who really has the authority to say what is right or wrong when a loved one wants to end their life because of a terminal illness or a severe physical disability? Should Physician-assisted suicide be Legal in California to make it a euthanasia state like Oregon ? In the article titled â€Å"Nicest Lawmaker Touts Assisted Suicide,† by Clea Benso n published The BakersfieldRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1578 Words   |  7 Pagesmeasures. One of the alternative options is Physician-Assisted Suicide; defined as the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the direct or indirect assistance of a physician (â€Å"Physician-assisted†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In layman’s terms it means that a physician administers medications to the patients to use on their own terms, and it’s entirely up to the patient whether or not to ingest the medication. I know Physician-Assisted Suicide is a practical solution to terminally illRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1325 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic of physician-assisted suicide has become very controversial because of the ethical questions. The physical state of health of the patient, the patient’s personal life, and even the financial pressure of the patient are all factors to consider when c ontemplating whether or not to legalize this controversial cause of death. Physician-assisted suicide regarding medical ethics states that a physician cannot legally give any patient a lethal injection to end their life, but they can take theRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?761 Words   |  4 Pages We Should be in Favor of Physician-assisted Suicide In a momentous decision released February 6, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Physician-assisted suicide will be legal in Canada within 12 months. This deci-sion has caused a myriad of controversy. Opponents of physician-assisted suicide argue that the constitution recognizes the sanctity of life and no one has the right to end the life of another person’s. Supporters, on the other hand, argue that patients who experience constantRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal935 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses the ethics of physician-assisted suicide. In the process of physician-assisted suicide, a doctor purposefully provides a terminally ill patient with the means to take their own life. This is often confused with active euthanasia; however, they are not the same thing. In euthanasia, the doctor administers the lethal drug to the patient, but in physician-assisted suicide, the patient must take the lethal drugs themselves. There is much debate over physician-assisted suicide today. Some peopleRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal?847 Words   |  4 PagesShould-Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal In Every State When it comes to the topic of, should physician-assisted suicide be legal in every state, most of us will readily agree that it should be up to a terminally ill person to make that decision. Whereas some are convinced that it is inhumane, others maintain that it is a person’s decision to end their own life. I agree that physician-assisted suicide should be legal in every state because in most cases, people that are terminally ill should haveRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1494 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide A tough issue on the rise in the United States is whether or not Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) should be legal. Physician Assisted Suicide allows a physician to prescribe a lethal dose of medication to a patient to end their life. However, the patient has to take the drugs on their own. PAS would be only offered to those suffering from a terminal illness with less than six months to live. The way these patients go about treating and or living with a terminal illnessRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Not Be Legal2017 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish 100 Melody Kowach Say No to Physician Assisted Suicide Has anyone ever heard of the term Assisted suicide? The term assisted suicide â€Å" is suicide committed with the aid of another person, who is usually a physician. It usually is called physician assisted suicide because a doctor is providing information on committing suicide with lethal doses of drugs (Assisted). There are many people with a terminal illness considering assisted suicide. Assisted Suicide is legal in five states which is OregonRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Legal1223 Words   |  5 Pagespractice of physician assisted suicide. This would allow terminally ill patients, many of whom have cancer, to make the difficult decision to end their lives peacefully. Doctors are able to simply write their patient a prescription, designed to end a person’s life in a non-painful way. Doctors and medical personnel have struggled with this topic, exploring the various consequences and benefits that come with making assisted suicide legal. Currently, physicia n assisted suicide has been made legal acrossRead MoreShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Essay1745 Words   |  7 PagesShould Physician Assisted Suicide Be Legal? Every day in the United States 1,500 people are diagnosed with a terminal illness. These people are given few options when determining if the wish to try treatment and if treatment does not work, how to deal with the end of their lives. (author unknown, â€Å"Cancer†) With this horrible future ahead of them many may wish to make amends before it’s too late, however, an increasing number of people are seeking an alternate solution. In states such as Oregon, Washington

How Did Napoleon Came to Power What Changes Did He Make

How did Napoleon come to power in France,1796-1804? †¢ Napoleon was born in 1769, 20 years before the revolution. He came from Corsica. Napoleon was sent to Brienne 1799-84. Artilerry officer at the age f 16. Ambitious young man. He supported the revolution. He battled against Austrians it had won him a great reputation as a military leader. Personal confidence, ambition and scornful attitude. †¢ Napoleon`s brother would be elected President of the Council of 500 in 1799. This placed Napoleon in the prime position to control events. Napoleon addressed each of councils and informed them of the need to set up a new provisional government in the name of the revolution. In the Council of 500 he was greeted with cries â€Å"outlaw the dictator†.†¦show more content†¦The curriculum was controlled and consisted of history,maths,French,science and geography and military values and loyalty.Napoleon founded Imperial University,Ministry of Education 1808. As a result education became restrictive and another mean of enforcing loyality and control.A lot were not happy even bourgeois whom Napoleon favoured. †¢Napoleon maintained tight control over newspapers,books,plays and artists. Freedom of the press-dangerous,likely to weaken the state. Reduce number of newspapers in France. Parisian journals from 73 to 9. By 1801 only 4 remained. Provincal paper were redued to one per department. Official reports were made on all books,plays,lecture and posters in Paris. Half of the Parrisians printing presses were closed down. Publishers had to take out a licence and swera an oath of loyalty. Some authors and playwrights were forced to flee abroad. On the other hand books,plays and the arts were encouraged for propaganda purposes-honoured Napoleons achievements. Statues,arches and paintings were all used to glorify the Napoleonic regime. †¢Catholicism would be recognized as the religion of majority and Catholic worship would become freely availiable. In return Church accepted the changes,promised to make no attempt to recove church lands. The clergy were still appointed by the government paid as civil servants and under an oath of loyality to the state. It did succeded in winning the loyality of those that hadShow MoreRelatedPower Corrupts In Animal Farm, By George Orwell1187 Words   |  5 Pages Power can not only harm- it can kill. In George Orwell’s novel, Animal Farm, published in 1945, power quickly corrupts society. The animals were just able to be free of the critical control of Farmer Jones, when another leader steps up- this time one of their own. When given too much power, Napoleon, the Animal Farm’s dictator, takes complete control over the farm. From repealing all rules earlier laid out, to the slaughtering of innocent animals, Napoleon makes it obvious he is in power. TheRead More The Harsh Time Of The Russian Revolution906 Words   |  4 PagesRussian history came to life between the animals of Animal Farm. The Russians had four harsh leaders over a eight year period. Joseph Stalin was the worst leader of all he killed them by starving them to death. Another leader is Leon Trotsky. Trotsky believed in Marxism. Trotsky was a man worth listening to he was the second best leader during the Russian Revolution. That brings me to introducing Karl Marx he was the leader after the first leader of the Soviet Union died he came to power but was shortlyRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1395 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm: The Power of Corruption In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Orwell illustrates how power corrupts absolutely and how Napoleon degrades the structure and stability of Animal Farm because of the decisions that he makes. I will also expand on the idea of how Old Major’s ideas for an organized society get completely destroyed by Napoleon’s revolutionary actions. It was ironic and satirical that Napoleon’s own power annihilates Animal Farm. The satire in George Orwell’s AnimalRead MoreAbsolute Power Corrupts in Animal Farm by George Orwell Essays1287 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell, was written to show how absolute power corrupts, just as Stalin’s power did following the Russian Revolution in 1917. In the allegory Animal Farm, each character represents a political figure from the days around the Russian Revolution. For example, Joseph Stalin is represented by a pig named Napoleon, Squealer, another pig, represents Stalin’s propaganda department, and the dogs represent the Secret Police (KBG). Using the nine dogs that Napoleon raises (intimidation), Squealer (propaganda)Read MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell1570 Words   |  7 Pagesshows us what is right from wrong. Our history has the ability to teach us more than we know, for it holds the key to something that has never been discovered. George Orwell’s masterpiece, Animal Farm , replicates a moment in history that will never be forgotten. It is a story that shows courage and tenacity, as well as fear and tragedy. This book displays many important lessons and morals. There are quotes that pertain to this story in a way like no other. They uncover the meaning to what is behindRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell999 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm Essay George Gurdjieff was an influential spiritual teacher in the early twentieth century. He references in the following quote that when one is uneducated he will always remain a slave. â€Å"Without self knowledge, without understanding the working and functions of his machine, man cannot be free, he cannot govern himself and he will always remain a slave.† (Gurdjieff) This ties in with how the animals are treated in George Orwell’s Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella about animals who takeRead MoreNapoleon s Tactics Of His Empire During His Reign As Emperor1218 Words   |  5 PagesMethodical. Precise. These are some of many words that could describe the strategies that Napoleon used to amplify his empire during his reign as emperor. Arrogant. Exorbitant. Unplanned. These words can also be used to describe some of Napoleon’s warfare strategies. Inspired by other world leaders and empires such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, Napoleon in many ways stood on the shoulders of giants. He saw the possibilities and prospects available to him through conquest and subjugation ofRead More Animal Farm: Importance of the Seven Commandments Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the animals on the newly evolving farm, so came about the 7 Commandments. Unfortunately, but undoubtedly in the pigs’ advantage, most of the other animals did not know how to read or write. Because of this the other members of the farm had to bestow their trust and goodwill in the more educated of the animals. Little did they know that their innocence and their devotion to the farm as a whole would in the end lead to their demise. â€Å"The birds did not understand Snowball’s long words, but theyRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm Essay1696 Words   |  7 Pagesand they are, absolute power corrupts absolutely, the pigs thoughts and rules, and role of populace. Orwell creates this story and it s almost the same as the Russian Revolution. What is the mess age of the story that George Orwell creates? First of all, It all starts on Mr. Jones Farm, where Old Major (the elder pig), makes an announcement. He includes in his speech that one day the animals will revolt against the humans taking charge of them, and treating them unjustly. He ends his speech with aRead MoreMilitary Historians And Theorists Postulate That Napoleon Invented Modern Warfare916 Words   |  4 PagesMany military historians and theorists postulate that Napoleon invented modern warfare. This belief is not true. Although there are aspects of how Napoleon fought that are used by many modern armies today, and his tactics and philosophy of fighting should continue to be studied, Napoleonic warfare is not fundamentally similar to modern warfare. Napoleon implemented ideas that modern armies use today; however the Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs) of the Franco-Prussian Wars and American Civil

Benchmarks And Goal Setting Education Essay Free Essays

Adult scholars bring a particular set of fortunes to the tabular array when they decided to go on their instruction. Their ends tend to be really different from those of younger scholars. They tend to convey a batch of life experiences with them that affect the manner they view larning. We will write a custom essay sample on Benchmarks And Goal Setting Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The benchmarks that they set should be really come-at-able and mensurable so that the scholar can experience as if they are doing the advancement that they want to. Adult scholars are really goal-oriented. They want to see that they are doing advancement and have a great desire to accomplish success. Many grownup scholars feel at hazard in an educational so in order to accomplish a successful and synergistic session, facilitators must demo their regard and support for grownup scholars. Puting single ends and mensurating accomplishment is an indispensable accomplishment for many scholars today. Depending on the person, ends may be set deliberately or subconsciously. If this procedure is applied to the acquisition environment pupils should be provided with the tools of goal- scene and accomplishment monitoring. A figure of research workers have suggested that goal-setting patterns can be utile, can impact academic accomplishment and can forestall pupil abrasion. In add-on, it was suggested that supplying non merely goal-setting patterns but besides uniting these patterns with progress feedback can hold an even greater consequence on academic accomplishment than carry oning goal-setting activities entirely without benefit of teacher feedback. It has been shown that the undermentioned three chief factors, setting-goals, self-assessment of public presentation against the ends, and having teacher feedback have been most helpful for scholars in accomplishing success ( Kat o, 2009 ) . Andragogy is perchance the first acquisition theory specifically for grownups. It follows the premise that grownups learn otherwise than kids because they have had more life experiences and are autonomous. It besides holds that information must be used shortly after its presentation for grownups to accept and absorb the acquisition. Additionally, Knowles identifies several countries that define the manner grownups learn. Adult scholars have great trade of experience to add to the acquisition environment. Educators can frequently utilize this as a resource. Adults expect to hold a high grade of influence on educational subjects and how they are to be educated. Adults need active engagement in planing and implementing their educational plans. Adults must recognize the relevance of any new acquisition. Adult scholars look frontward to to holding a high grade of influence on how their acquisition will be evaluated. Adults expect their feedback on the plan ‘s advancement to be acted upon in a timely manner ( Kelly, 2006 ) . Adult scholars are really goal-oriented. They want to see that they are doing advancement and have a great desire to accomplish. Many grownup scholars feel at hazard in an educational scene. Self-esteem and self-importance can be compromised in an environment that is non perceived as safe and supportive. In order to accomplish a successful and synergistic session, facilitators must demo their regard and support for grownup scholars ( Kelly, 2006 ) . Autonomous acquisition ( SDL ) accomplishments are the frequently the foundation of womb-to-tomb acquisition. Teaching intends to accomplish at least two indispensable ends for all pupils: to increase cognition with regard to peculiar content and to develop accomplishments that will function pupils good, even beyond the environment of a specific class. It has been found that from a schoolroom experiment that was designed to measure pupil public presentation with regard to the 2nd end of skill acquisition, specifically the accomplishment of autonomous acquisition ( SDL ) was most of import ( Dynan, Cate and Rhee, 2008 ) . A successful goal-setting procedure that focuses on direction and acquisition is cardinal to good educational pattern. Puting ends allows grownup instruction pupils to stipulate what they want to carry through and provides a benchmark for both single and plan public presentation. Goal scene is an synergistic procedure that involves scholars in, placing and entering their ends, finding whether the ends are come-at-able and mensurable, making a timeline for accomplishing them based on an appropriate instructional program and relevant acquisition activities and set uping a agency for periodic reappraisal and alteration of their ends ( NRS Tips: Learner Goals and NRS Goalsaa‚ ¬ † Making the Connection, n.d. ) . The best ends that can be set normally have five basic features: Precise ends let pupils cognize what they are endeavoring for and give them a clear mark at which to take. Measurable ends allow pupils to cognize when they have achieved their ends. Accomplishable ends are those within a studentaa‚ ¬a„?s range. Reasonable ends achieve a balance between forcing pupils to their bounds and non thwarting them. Time-limited ends create due day of the months that push pupils to finish a end. A timeline should include periodic cheques on advancement ( NRS Tips: Learner Goals and NRS Goalsaa‚ ¬ † Making the Connection, n.d. ) . Establishing grownup scholar ends defines the countries in which direction and acquisition will be focused in add-on to supplying a benchmark by which plans and pupils study advancement. To function this double intent, it is indispensable to distinguish between short and long-run mileposts. It is necessary to update the studentaa‚ ¬a„?s end choice if their state of affairs alterations. It may be suited to curtail the pick of certain ends when their choice is inappropriate. Programs must supply counsel so that grownup scholars select describing ends that are sensible. Plans are encouraged to utilize common sense when assisting pupils choose ends ( Requirements for Student Intake and Description of OAE Adult Learner Assessment Policies and Procedures, 2008 ) . Physical and cognitive alterations that take topographic point as people age are of import to observe because they can hold an affect on grownup acquisition and on the ends that they set: Older pupils have slower reaction times than younger scholars. They need more clip to larn new things as they age, nevertheless, when grownups can command the gait of acquisition, they can frequently efficaciously counterbalance for their deficiency of velocity and larn new things successfully. Vision normally declines from the age of 18 to 40. After 40 there is a crisp diminution for the following 15 old ages, but after age 55 the diminution in vision occurs at a slower rate. Approximately at age 70 a individuals hearing Begins to worsen aggressively and a individual begins sing jobs with pitch, volume, and rate of response. Loss of hearing can be compensated for through the usage of hearing AIDSs, but frequently older pupils may be embarrassed by their hearing loss and experience less confident. This diminution in assurance can go a greater hinderance to larning than the physical disablement. Few changes have been found in both centripetal and short-run memory as a individual ages, but long term memory diminutions. Older grownups have a harder clip geting and recovering information and they experience troubles in forming new stuff and in treating it. Older grownups are non every bit able as younger scholars in trials of callback, but the differences between older and younger scholars in trials of acknowledgment are little or absent. When contextual acquisition methods are used, fewer diminutions have been found in the memory procedure as a individual ages. The most jobs with memory for older scholars occur with meaningless acquisition, complex acquisition, and the acquisition of new things that require reappraisal of old acquisition ( Adult Learning, n.d. ) . Decision Adult scholars bring a particular set of fortunes to the tabular array when they decided to go on their instruction. Their ends are really different from those of younger scholars because of the fact that they have so much life experience to trust upon. The benchmarks that they set need to be non merely come-at-able but besides need to be really mensurable so that the scholar can experience as if they are doing the advancement that they want to. How to cite Benchmarks And Goal Setting Education Essay, Essay examples

Things I’ll Never Say to You by Chasing Trains free essay sample

Discovering a band that plays the emotion-provoking genre of music I like is a fulfilling feeling. Over the past month, I was lucky enough to stumble upon an all-female indie band from Mahwah, New Jersey, that deserves immense attention for their spellbinding music. Their first album, ironically titled â€Å"Things I’ll Never Say to You,† is a combination of tear-jerking lullabies and sultry love songs. In their first song, â€Å"Fade Away,† the listener is taken on a romance-swept roller coaster between two unnamed lovers who forget their inhibitions and fall in love for just one night. Although not afraid of her love, the boy reveals he is afraid of â€Å"too much wasted time.† These words are completely relatable to anyone who has ever experienced a relationship, and to anyone who has ever been heartbroken. Likewise, so is the idea that â€Å"love’s just a game we play; whether it’s forever, or three years, or just a day. We will write a custom essay sample on Things I’ll Never Say to You by Chasing Trains or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † These lyrics are accompanied by a slowly strummed guitar. The melody, along with the heartfelt words, combine to form a magnificent ballad that is more than suitable for anyone who has ever struggled in a challenging romance. On a completely different note, â€Å"Avalanche† provides the listener with the subtle details of a seemingly catastrophically scandalous relationship. Mysteriously, it is sung â€Å"let’s take too many chances.† The song is also filled to the brim with mystifyingly beautiful harmonies that are really pleasing to the ears. This song is very interesting, because it uses deep imagery while still maintaining a vague storyline. This leaves a lot of interpretation up to the listener, allowing the song to mean many things depending on the audience. There is something very gratifying about finding obscure bands that produce quality music. Although Chasing Trains has only released one EP so far, I am hoping for much more from them, as their current content is fantastic. They also have published â€Å"Shhhh† and â€Å"Bottles.† Their music can be found on Bandcamp, and I truly hope you spare a minute or two to check it out. I promise you, you will not regret supporting this brilliant, up-and-coming group.

Introduce a new Product to the Australia and New Zealand Markets

Evolution of the Clock

Evolution of the Clock Introduction A clock is perhaps one of the oldest human developments in engineering. The name clock is coined from two Latin sounds- clocca and clagan, which denote a bell. In the early ages, a silent piece for alerting people on time was known as a timepiece (Itano Norman, 1999, p.56). In the modern usage, a clock refers to any instrument that can be deployed to measure coupled with displaying time.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Evolution of the Clock specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Watches are version of clocks, which can be carried by an individual. Since time immemorial of the evolution of clock, the main purpose, irrespective of accuracy and preciseness of a clock version, is to determine time in lesser units relative to the accepted units of time such as a â€Å"calendar day, a lunar month, and or a year† (Itano Norman, 1999, p.56). Over the process of evolution in the engineering of a clock, sever al mechanisms have been invented and deployed in the construction of an actual clock, which has often been used in cities and within people’s dwellings since the middle ages. Indeed, â€Å"devices operating on several physical processes have been used over the millennia culminating into the modern version of clocks† (Jones, 2004, p.67). These modern versions of clocks are mainly mechanical clocks having either analogue or digital display formats. One of the earliest clocks was the sundials whose operation relied on the natural phenomena of different sizes of shadows cast on an object as times progress in a day. New engineering discoveries led to the emergence of new versions of clocks such as water clocks, candle clocks, pendulum clocks, incense clocks, and later clocks with escapements and gears followed by the most accurate clocks – atomic clocks. The purpose of this paper is to scrutinize the historic evolution of a clock. The theoretical approaches deployed in the paper are from engineering paradigms. In this light, the paper tracks changes in the operation mechanisms of the clock in the quest to provide theoretical records of evolution of engineering. How the Clock developed over Early Years (1-1500 AD) in terms of Engineering Sundial Clocks Sundial clocks were deployed to measure times through a shadow cast on a cylindrical stone. This clock was widely used during ancient times since it would measure time with high degrees of accuracy. However, the time measured by the instruments was merely the solar time.Advertising Looking for report on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The sundials were deployed to scrutinize the operation of the clocks until early in the recent times. Engineering designs deserve to be reliable over a wide range of variables. This requirement posed major challenges to the development of a more reliable clock sun was required to shine si nce for its operation. Consequently, the clock could not function at night or during cloudy weather conditions. Seasons change. Hence, recalibration of the clock was necessary whenever such changes occurred. These limitations made provisions for the need to develop other techniques of times measuring in a more reliable manner. Such a technique was the development of candle clock. Candle Clocks There exists a historic timeline gap for when the candle clocks were discovered and or used first. Nevertheless, they were first mentioned in You Jinful poem written in Chinese language in 520. With regard to the poet, a calibrated candle was deployed to help people determine the time at night. A corresponding class of â€Å"candles were later to be used in Japan until early 10th century† (Itano Norman, 1999). The most famous candle clock is related to King Alfred the great. From an engineering perspective, the clock was made from six candles, which were composed of 72 pennyweights der ived from wax. Each candle was 12 inches long calibrated at an interval of 1 inch. Another important requirement for candles used to make the clock was that they were all required to be of uniform thickness. The candles were consumed for close to four hours with each mark representing a 20-minute time erasure. One of the challenges of the clock was that the candles could be extinguished once they were lit hence impairing the performance of the clock. However, this issue was later to be less of a challenge since â€Å"the candles were placed in wooden framed glass, to prevent the flame from extinguishing† (Itano Norman, 1999, 41). As time progressed, the design of the candle clocks became even more sophisticated. In 1206, Al-Jazari’s work had one of the exceptionally complicated candle timers. With regard to Lankford and Taylor (1999), one of his candle clocks â€Å"included a dial to display the time and, for the first time, employed a bayonet fitting, a fastening me chanism still used in the modern times† (p.131). The rate of burning of the candle used for making the clock needed to have a rate of a known burning. A wick was fitted inside a hole passing through the candles’ center. An indentation was also provided to aid in the collection of the wax melted out as a strategy to help in the prevention of likelihoods of interference with the rates of burning of the candle.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Evolution of the Clock specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lankford and Taylor (1999) further add that the candle clock described by Al-Jazari had â€Å"the bottom of the candle rested in a shallow dish that had a ring on its side connected through pulleys to a counterweight† (p.132). As the candle progressed to glow, it was pressed up by the load at a steady pace. As Rossum (1996) reveals, â€Å"the automata were operated from the dish at the bottom of the cand le† (p.65). In fact, in the early ages, no other candle clock was discovered having this intensity of sophistication. The only variation was the oil lamp clocks. The oil-lamp clocks were made up of a reservoir to hold the oil. The oil was mainly derived from the whale. It was the most appropriate since it burnt cleanly and evenly. The tank was then calibrated so that, as the its oil level fell, it was possible to have an approximate quantity of the time that had elapsed. Clocks made this way presented major challenges because resetting was necessary whenever the candles were totally consumed or the oil-lamp became empty. Incense Clocks Incense clocks were a major achievement in the development of clock since incense clocks were easily adaptable for interior application partly because the gadgets produced light in a constant manner and without fire unlike the candle timers. This condition made them more reliable since they were more accurate than the candle clocks. Although the use of incense candles has been identified by historians in Japan, there are speculations that the first incense clock could have been discovered in India. In the 6th century, the clocks had paved their way into China. Many variations of these gadgets were used with the most common ones being the â€Å"incense seal and incense stick† (Lankford Taylor, 1999, p.49). Although the incense wooden timer was principally made up of a marked incense wood, others were sophisticated by adding loads by means of strings at the wooden pieces. As the incense burnt out, these weights fell on a gong, which produced a sound while hit to indicate the amount of time that had elapsed. In addition, â€Å"some incense clocks were held in elegant trays†¦open-bottomed trays were also used, to allow the weights to be used together with the decorative tray† (Lankford Taylor, 1999, p.50). An alternative way of alerting people that a certain amount of time had elapsed was the deployment of incense sticks with different fragrance. Incense wooden pieces were either straight or spiraled depending on the amount of time each was anticipated to last with the spiral one taking more time. The spiraled incense stick clocks were mainly suspended from ceilings in houses and or religious places.Advertising Looking for report on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Incense seal clocks had similar application to the incense stick clocks. The only exemption was that these types of incense clocks were principally meant for religious functions (Rossum, 1996). The clocks were also significantly common in social gatherings. They were also highly associated with Chinese intellectuals and scholars. Essentially, a seal was made up of â€Å"a wooden or stone disk with one or more grooves attached to it and incense placed in itâ€Å" (Rossum, 1996, p.148). Although incense clocks had garnered many customers in China, they were also made in Japan though not as many as in China. In the effort to alert people that a certain length of time had elapsed, resins and various types of aromatic sticks and or incenses with a variety of smells were securely placed in the powdered lines of the incense seal clock. For instance, the earliest seal clocks were constructed from stone or wood. The Chinese people introduced metallic disks for use in making the clock. This invention occurred during the Song dynasty. This evolution provided an opportunity for artisans charged with the roles of making seal clocks an opportunity not only to make aesthetic seals but also larger ones. The use of metallic disks also permitted the designers to incorporate grooves and paths that varied to give a room for variations in the length of days in a year. Water Clocks Water clocks, alternatively called clepsydrae, coupled with the sundials are amongst the oldest clocks in the history of humankind. Due to their antiquity, Jones (2004) argues, â€Å"where and when they first existed are not known and perhaps unknowable† (p.33). However, people believe that some types of water clocks had been used in Babylon and Egypt in the 16th century. These versions were mainly bowl-shaped outflow water clocks. It is also important to note that some other parts of the world including China and India had some evidence of having used water clocks. However, the precise date whe n this case occurred remains a nightmare because there have been arguments around this topic with some authors claiming that water clocks were used in China and India in 4000 BC (Jones, 2004). Amid the historical debate around the subject of when water clocks first appeared in human civilizations of engineering endeavors, a substantive contentment among historians holds that, from 27 AD to 500 AD, Roman astronomers coupled with horologists engaged in the development of elaborate water clocks that were mechanized. In the words of Rossum (1996), the main aim of engineering complicated water clocks was â€Å"to regulate the flow at providing fancier displays of the passage of time† (p.77). Astrological systems of the earth were even demonstrated by some types of water watch machines. Muslims experts invented the most sophisticated water clocks. In particular, a design that was more fascinating was the elephant clock made by Al-Jazari in the middle ages. â€Å"The clock recorded the passage of temporal hours, which meant that the rate of flow had to be changed daily to match the uneven length of days throughout the year† (Rossum, 1996, p.57).To realize this endeavor, the clock design had two tanks. To serve their work well, as Rossum (1996, p.57) points out, â€Å"The bottom tank was linked to flow the control regulator while the top tank was linked to the mechanisms that indicated time†. At sunrise, a faucet released a stream to run into the underneath reservoir under the check of a hang controller that was meant to ensure that a steady weight was assured at the receiving reservoir. How the Clock Developed after 15th Century to the Mechanical Clocks The design approaches and engineering technology levels in the early ages to Middle Ages did not give a room for designers to construct clocks with the hour, minute, and second means of measuring time. They only measured time in terms of hours. In fact, as Landes (2000, p. 43) reveals, â€Å"a cl ock that had minute dials first appeared in 1475 with clocks having both minutes and second dial appearing by 15th century in Germany†. However, developments in the clock were still limited until when the massive mechanisms of improving accuracy of the clocks were developed. The mechanisms included the pendulum system and spiral springs. One of the historic events in the use of accurate clocks via both minutes and seconds dial was realized when Tycho Brahe (an astronomer) used such a clock to observe various stellar positions in the 16th century. Pendulum Clocks The development of mechanical clocks leads to miniaturization of the clocks. By the end of the 15th century, clocks such as the Al-Jazari elephant clock were considered as past tense so that smaller clocks could be made for domestic applications coupled with usages as personal watches by16th century. This development was preceded by discoveries made by Polymath Galileo, an Italian Engineer. He revealed that the oscilla tions of a pendulum could indeed be deployed to operate and or control a timer. However, he never constructed a clock based on the principles of pendulum. Christian Huygens, a Dutch scientist, would design a clock based on the concepts of pendulum investigated by the Polymath Galileo in 1656. Many versions of clocks based on the pendulum principles were later designed. The earliest designs produced errors in time measurement in the ranges of less than a minute within a day. The most accurate ones had errors of less than 10 seconds within a day. This realization was perhaps the best accuracy levels in time measurement during the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th century, clock developments were mainly based on the precision and improved accuracy requirements. In this regard, Jesuits were incredibly instrumental. To emphasize on this point, Landes (2000) asserts, â€Å"in measuring an accurate one-second pendulum, for example, the Italian astronomer Father Giovanni Battista persuade d nine fellow Jesuits to count nearly 87,000 oscillations in a single day† (p.97). Consequently, they played significant roles in the development of the pendulum clock since they participated in testing and spreading engineering ideas of time. Modern clocks such as long case clock have their origin anchored in the invention of engineering discoveries such as anchor escapement. This clock operation mechanism was discovered in the 1670s. Before the discovery of the mechanism, pendulum clocks principally depended on the verge escapement mechanism for their operations. Verge escapement mechanisms needed an extremely large pendulum dangle in the range of 100 degrees. The anchor mechanisms served to reduce this swing to values of about four to six degrees. This reduction not only gave pendulum clock makers an opportunity to make clocks having longer pendulums but also clocks with slowed beats. The overall effect was the reduction of the amount of power required to operate the clock following the reduction in friction. Apart from the reduction of wear in this generation of pendulum clocks, they also emerged as more accurate in comparison to those, which predeceased them. These developments paved way for the creation of businesses, which principally aimed at manufacturing mechanical of clocks. Now, it is crucial to consider a discussion of clock makers before proceeding to discussion of evolution of other types of mechanical clocks. Clock Makers and Evolution of Mechanical Watches and Clocks Locksmith and jewelries were the first professional clock makers in the history of clock making. With regard to American Society of Mechanical Engineers, as years progressed, the craft and science (engineering) of clock making advanced from pure custom to mass production (2002, p.31). In Paris, France, coupled with Blois were the main centers for making clocks for mass consumptions. Julien Le Roy and Versailles led the market in the design and production of ornamental and ca se-designed clocks. As Lankford and Taylor (1999) posit, â€Å"Le Roy belonged to the fifth generation of a family of clockmakers, and was described by his contemporaries as the most skillful clockmaker in France, possibly in Europe† (p.129). Le Roy also invented a repeating mechanism, which made it possible to improve the accuracy and precision of the clock to higher levels than those recorded for the pendulum clock. The clocks and watches that were designed by Le Roy also had a face that could be opened up to view the engineering behind the clock. The clock maker also supervised the process of making about 3,500 watches. Consequently, an intense scientific competition emerged with many researchers focusing on looking for other alternative ways of measuring time in ways that are more accurate. In 1794, following the French revolution, the government of France mandated brief production of decimal clocks. These clocks had a day divided into 10 hours with each hour having 100 m inutes. Through the effort of engineering modifications of Pierre Simon Laplace, pocket watch was modified into decimal form. Although this technology was extended to many other watches apart from the Pierre Simon Laplace’s until 1801, conversion of all watches within France into a decimal form was impossible due to the high costs associated with the process. The decimal system was also not viable since it only served the astronomers implying that the system was not useful to the ordinary citizens. Thus, it was not considered any further in the early 1800s. In the case of Germany, Augsburg and Nuremberg were there main clock makers. However, Black Forest specialized in the production of Cuckoo clock, which was wooden. In the 17th and 18th century, the English people dominated the watch making industry. Indeed, at the dawn of the 19th century, William Paley deployed the equivalence of a watch making to argue that all things are planned meaning that they have their planners and hence the theoretical reasoning behind the discipline of Engineering. Looking at the design of watches from this paradigm, there emerged research and subsequent construction of more accurate watches and clocks such as chronometers, atomic clocks, quartz oscillators, and wrist watches among others. Some of these clocks are discussed below. Patek Philipe invented the wristwatch in 1868. His watch was mainly purposed to serve as a woman’s bracelet. At the dawn of the 20th century, Alberto Santos-Dumont requested his acquaintance who was in the clock making business to make for him a gadget (clock) that could assist him in times of flights since a pocket watch was not expedient. In response to this request, Louis created the first man’s wristwatch. Later, military workforce were engaged in mass making of clocks for airplane controllers coupled with infantry. Such watches got immense popularity during the First World War though they remained a reserve for the middle class people. During World War II, A-11 wristwatch became common among the US air force men. In Engineering perspective, the watch met Ego-metrics (the degree to which an engineering creation is usable by the targeted end user based on requirements for readability and usability) since it was calibrated with clear white numbers. Another invention that shaped the clock evolution process was the quartz oscillators. These types of gadgets were highly inspired by the inventions of nano biosensor characteristics of materials. In 1932, these watches evolved to the levels of being able to gauge little differences in time due to the revolution of the earth. Indeed, as Lankford and Taylor (1999, p. 129) point , â€Å"the NIST (national bureau of standards) used time standards based on the quartz clock as from 1929 to 1960†. With the development of atomic clocks, which were more accurate than quartz clock, the organization shifted its time standards from being based on the quartz clock to ato mic clocks. Atomic watches remain the most precise gadgets ever to be made. Their accuracy levels are in the range of a few seconds over a period of several thousand years. The first watch of this type was built in 1949. Conclusion Sundial and water clocks were the earliest clocks to be made. On the other extreme, the quartz watch and the atomic clocks form the most recent discoveries. As the paper unveiled, during the processes of evolution from the most primitive types of watches and clocks to the most modern ones, the main concern of this expert was to look for mechanisms of enhancing the accuracy and preciseness of the clocks and watches. This process occurred alongside improvements of the clock to serve the purpose of measuring times and esthetic purposes. Reference List American Society of Mechanical Engineers. (2002). Proceedings of the 2002 ASME Design Engineering Technical Conferences. London: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Itano, W., Norman, F. (1999). Accurate Measurement of Time. Scientific American, 269 (1), 56–65. Jones, T. (2004). Splitting the Second: The Story of Atomic Timekeeping. Bristol, UK: Institute of Physics Publishing. Landes, D. (2000). Revolution in Time: Clocks and the Making of the Modern World. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Lankford, J., Taylor, F. (1999). Time and timekeeping instruments. History of  astronomy, 34(3), 127-158. Rossum, G. (1996). History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Experimental Designs II Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Experimental Designs II - Assignment Example For example, in a 2x2 factorial ANOVA with levels A1 and A2 of Factor Aand levels B1 and B2. An ANOVA test would test the significant differences between the marginal means, which are called simple Main Effects of each factor. This is because they illustrate the overall difference between the levels of each factor, independently of the levels of the other. The ANOVA also tests for the significance differences between the Cell Means; in other words, the four means relevant to the AxBinteraction effect (Jackson, 2012). According to Jackson, the test also determines if the effects of the independent variable (IV) are independent of each other, or whether the effects of one IV depend on the level of the factor. Key effects are differences in means over levels of one factor that is collapsed over levels of the other factor (s) (Jackson, 2012). No.6 The difference between a complete factorial design and an incomplete factorial design is laid out in how experimental conditions are dealt wit h. A Complete Factorial Design (CFD) consists of all factors and levels of each factor, it is also capable of estimating all factors, and their interactions (Jackson, 2012). An incomplete factorial design is arrived at when experimental conditions are removed from a complete factorial design. ... No.8 The difference between a two way ANOVA and a three-way ANOVA is that a two-way ANOVA test is used when there are more than one IV requiring multiple observations for each IV. The two-way test determines the main effect contributions of each IV and indicates if there is a significant interaction effect amongst the IVs. The three way ANOVA is used to determine the effect of three nominal predictor variables that are based on a continuous outcome variable. The three-way test evaluates the effect of the IV on the expected outcome together with their relationship in the outcome (Jackson, 2012). Random factors are considered to have no statistical impact on a given data set, unlike systematic factors that are considered to hold statistical significance. No. 10 Source df SS MS F A 1 60 60 1.420 B 2 40 20 24.170 AxB 2 90 81 0.125 Error 30 200 100 1.884 Total 35 390 261 27.599 a). Factorial notation –1x2 = 2 b). There are 2 conditions in this particular study. c). Number of subjec ts in the study – 3 d). Main effect for B, no significant interaction Source df SS MS F A 2 40 20 0.85 B 3 60 18 9 AxB 6 150 130 0.867 Error 72 150 75 Total 83 400 243 15.717 a). Factorial notation – 2 x 3. b). There are 6 conditions. c). Subjects in study - 2 d). No main effects. There is a significant interaction. Source df SS MS F A 1 60 60 132 B 2 40 20 98 AxB 2 90 45 135 Error 30 200 6.67 Total 35 390 131.67 245 a). Factorial notation – 1 x 2 b). There are 3 conditions. c). Subjects in study - 2 d). Main effect for B. No significant interaction. Source df SS MS F A 1 10 10 0.10 B 1 60 60 30 Error 36 80 40 Total 39 150 110 30.10 a). Factorial notation – 1 x 1 b). 1 condition c). Subjects in study - 1 d). Main effect for A and B. Significant